Не скрывают только картошки индейцев, но и насосы - именно с ними пустыня Наска и другие были оживленными:
WAS THE Pum KNOWN IN PRE-COLUMBIAN SOUTH AMERICA?
One of the most important areas of pre-Columbian salt production in South America is found in the highlands of Colombia. It is surprising to find that the term “salt mining” appears very frequently in treatises by modern authors on the salt production and the trading of salt in this region. For an examination of the earliest data on salt production in the Colombian high- lands shows that salt wells and lagoons are mentioned, and that the salt was prepared by boiling salt water in earthen pots, that is, through evaporation. A problem connected with this salt production seems to have been the separation of salt water and fresh water when the wells were situated too close to one another. In his account of “investigations” (to a professional archeologist a very shocking account), the guacuero Arango (1918:42 ff ., 88-89, 169, 180) informs us that in such cases the Indians used pipes made of hollow palm trunks. Particularly interesting in this connection is the mention of pumps by Cieza de Leon (1862-77, II:387): Mas adelante estL otro pueblo Uamado Coinza, y pasan por 61 algunos rios de agua muy singular. Y not6 en ellos una cosa que vi (de que no poco me admirh), y fu6, que dentro de 10s mismos rios, y por la madre que hace el agua que por ellos corre, nascian destas fuentes salobres, y 10s indios con grande industria tenian metidos en ellas unos cafiutos de las cafias gordas que hay en acquella partes, h manera de bombas de navios, por donde sacaban la cantidad del agua que querian, sin que se envolviese con la cor- riente del rio, y hacian della su sal. In view of this information, Nordenskiold (1930:69-71) presumes that the pump was invented independently by the South American Indians in pre- Columbian times. It is noteworthy, however, that Nordenskiold comes to this conclusion with some hesitation: If I have rightly understood Cieza de Leon, those salt springs run along the bed of the river, that is to say: underneath the fresh water, and from there the Indians pumped up the salt water by means of bamboo waterpipes without getting it mixed with the river water. He says that these pumps were like those used on board ships by the Spaniards. It is out of question that the Indians could have acquired the idea of this arrangement from the Spaniards because at that time-the middle of the 16th century -the district referred to was entirely unexplored. In making a study of the salt production and the salt trade of the South American Indians, I have from the very beginning doubted the statement quoted here from Cieza de Leon and also Nordenskiold’s interpretation thereof. Theoretically the term “ship pump” can be explained in the following way. When the Indians wanted to get at the salt water, a pipe of, for instance, a hollow palm trunk or of bamboo was sunk vertically through the surface current of fresh water into the bottom current of salt water. By means of a 619 620 American A nthropologist [57, 19551 gourd or a small pot the fresh water in the pipe was ladled out. At the same time it was replaced by salt water from the bottom current, which in this way very soon came to fill the pipe. This procedure is very much like the action of a pump and must have caused Cieza de Leon to use the term “ship pump” when describing the method. If the gourd was provided with a long wooden handle-which is very possible-the resemblance to a ship pump must have been even more striking. Karsten (1935: 119) states that the Jivaro Indians of Ecuador use a bark tube placed vertically to get at the salt water in wells covered by dirty water: Most of the salt arriving at Macas comes from the Curi-Curi. The saline spring existing here is small, and generally it is wholly covered by dirty water, slime, and brush heaps brought there during inundations. The first thing to be done therefore, when salt is prepared, is to cleanse the spring. A large piece of bark is formed into a sort of tube and stuck into the spring in an erect position, whereupon the dirty water is drawn off. From the pure salt water rising in the tube the salt is prepared. Karsten’s statement conforms with and confirms the explanation given here of Cieza de Leon’s accounts of “pumps.” Thus, the pump must have been unknown to the South American Indians in pre-Columbian times. STIG RYDEN, Etnografiska Maseet, Goteborg REPERENCES CITED ARANOO c., LUIS 1918 Recuerdos de la Guaqueria en el Quindio. Barcelona. 1862-77 La cr6nica del Peru. Biblioteca de Autores Espafioles XXXVI. Historiadores CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE primitivos de Indias 11. Madrid. KARSTEN, RAFAEL 1935 The head-hunters of western Amazonas. Helsingfors. NORDENSIU~LD, EBLAND 1930 Modifications in the Indian culture through inventions and loans.
...