Автор Тема: Открылась бездна звезд полна; Звездам числа нет, бездне дна.  (Прочитано 152 раз)

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Открылась бездна звезд полна;
Звездам числа нет, бездне дна.
Так я, в сей бездне углублен,
Теряюсь, мысльми утомлен!
Сомнений полон ваш ответ
О том, что окрест ближних мест.
Скажите ж, коль пространен свет?
И что малейших дале звезд?
Несведом тварей вам конец?
Скажите ж, коль велик творец?
Но я всёж-таки был наверху
И меня не спихнуть с высоты!

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Continuation of Einstein's Theory of Relativity
 
Abstract.
Molar masses and volumes are introduced and Quantum Physics ceases to exist. Einstein's theory of relativity, Poincaré's recurrence theorem are modified for the molar characteristics; the formula for the interaction of two parts of one body is constructed, using the altered for the same molar Newton's for gravity, Coulomb, and Ampere laws. Newton's three laws and Maxwell's equations are rewritten. Quantum entanglement, double-slit, diffraction, displacement current, as well as Hafele-Keating and perihelion Mercury, the Sun's corona and Earth's clouds are used as proof.

Introduction.
The topic of molar masses and volumes, their application to Einstein's theory of relativity, as well as to Poincaré's recurrence theorem, as well as to Newton's for gravity, Coulomb, and Ampere laws has never been raised in Physics. Therefore, it is not possible to make any references and footnotes to any literature and authors, who dealt with the problem.
The material points, however, as non-unique and multiple substitutions for physical bodies, while their sizes, shapes, and internal structure are ignored, have been used exclusively and for centuries, to solve all kinds of problems in Physics. For example, to find a bicycle parameters, which moves from point A to point B, to analyze the trajectory of a ball thrown askew, or the interaction of multiple particles, etc.
To oppose this approach Continuation of Einstein’ Relativity introduces a new kind of point; where it also substitutes any physical object into calculations, while it has its molar mass and volume (not just mass), is unique (there is no other like it), has two parts (elements), and analysis or which is conducted through these two only.
Existence.
Only what, in many experiments, under approximately similar conditions, provides the same result, exists in our Universe: on this premise the Continuation stands.
The material points do not and cannot participate in any experiment, because they don’t have any volume in the Universe where everything else has: they do not exist.
Accumulation Point.
Traditionally, the following definition is given: an accumulation point of a set M — the point x of the topological space X ⊃ M, where any neighborhood of x contains an infinite number of points from M [1]. The same definition being modified for the Continuation: point x has molar mass and volume (“space X") and contains the entire Universe ("space M”).
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Molar Mass and Volume.
A mole is an artificial quantity used to simplify calculations, such as the amount of substance that contains as many smallest particles as there are in 12 grams of one of the isotopes of carbon — C12. For all chemical substances, this quantity is the same and represents Avogadro's number, which is the number of molecules, ions, or other smallest particles in 1 mole of a substance. The Avogadro number is what the Continuation uses.
Standard Model and Minimal Particle.
Only the hypothesis that a photon has no mass is of interest to the Continuation in the Standard Model. The smallest element of everything that exists, its building block, is considered to be its photon: something with less mass than none cannot exist; where light and the photon are taken as one and the same.
The absence of mass (and, of course. volume makes the photon a non-existent entity in a world where everything has molar mass and volume. Indeed, the photon has never been observed in any experiment and, for example, photographed, until it encounters a camera; where photography is understood as interaction, which makes the photon’s mass – its molar mass.
Flashlight experiment.
Seeing the light emitted by a flashlight, a person makes the emitted photons part of his eye, interacts by converting the photons into his eye elements, converts its mass into molar. Or the photocamera makes them its elements.
However, never light was observed unless it became an element, which indirectly proves that the photon has no molar mass and volume, because everything else in the Universe can be seen and has.
Subjects and objects.
Subjects are the same accumulation points, which are formed from the same photons. For example, the article [2] says that when considering a pedestrian who, on the way from point A to point B, suddenly turns to point C, the cause for the decision is in the striving toward the "becoming better"; where "better" is the certain ratio of his molar mass and volume; there is no quantitative difference between objects and subjects, they are all the same.
Lagrangian mechanics.
In physics, Lagrangian mechanics is a formulation of classical mechanics founded on the stationary-action principle (also known as the principle of least action, or the above "becoming better"). The aforementioned pedestrian acts being motivated by his subjective understanding of this “principle of least action”.
Space.
Space is understood as the molar volume, an orisphere in the spirit of Lobachevsky's geometry [1]; where this volume is a sphere with an infinitely increasing radius, which makes its molar volume of a point of accumulation equal to the entire Universe.
Why an orisphere and not a field ?
In physics it is a common statement that the strength of the magnetic field decreases with increasing external distance, which the Continuation understands as an increase in the internal molar volume.
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Experiments.
There are numerous experiments proving the existence of the orisphere a a set of two parts:
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon that occurs when two particles interact in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the other, including when the particles are separated by a very, very large distance. The experiment, when a change in one photon is reflected in a change in another, wherever it is, and where the states of the two are interdependent, shows that any photon’s orispere is literally the entire Universe.
Or displacement current, when the current in the capacitor exists despite the open circuit, despite it without a medium between its plates: the changes in the orisphere of the atom, in one plate of it, leads to the appearance of current in the atom behind a break in the circuit, which can be observed at the other side of the Universe.
Or the double-slit experiment, when the interference pattern appears on the screen only when the width of the slits approaches the size, due to the ratio of the molar mass to volume, for the atom of the slit’s wall. If the width of the slots is increased, then the illumination of the screen will increase, but the severity of the minima and maxima of the fringes into the interference pattern will gradually fall, until they disappears completely—  the slit becomes much bigger than the atom’s orisphere, but the orisphere knows no boundaries, is not limited. (The theme of fringes is discussed below.)

Relativity.
There is no relativity in the Continuation: all the Universe exists within only one orispere, for only two parts of only one accumulation point. Therefore Einstein’s idea gets a development without relativity.
Coordinate system.
There is exclusively and only one coordinate system, called Egocentric [2], in the Continuation: the number of elements and time are taken into account. Everything else, which exists,  is represented through a constant in the interaction formula, gotten from Newton, ect. laws, which is given below.
String theory.
The Continuation accepts, adapting it to its own requirements, the fundamental concept of String Theory that there are strings and multi-universe, asserting that there are two kind of strings below the accumulation points, which possess distinct sets of predicates (derived from the late Latin praedicatum, signifying the property that distinguishes an object): a material point, which is -2-brane; a material point-string is -1-brane, which is characterized by mass; the membrane, as points of accumulation is a 0-brane, localized in Minkowski spacetime, has two predicates, one of which is molar volume; something is +1-brane, and so on.
Everything else from the String Theory is ignored 1) because nothing is proved experimentally, 2) the points of accumulation were unknown at the time the theory was formulated.
This Continuation presents the first ever experimental evidence that -1-brane and 0-brane do exist.
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Uniqueness.
Only photons are indistinguishable from each other because they lack their molar volume as a second predicate, where only two predicates create uniqueness. All the photons are one and the same, which creates a dead end controversy and paradox, and therefore makes the photons one more time do not exist.
This is the answer to Leibniz, who raised the question of the identity of indiscernibles [3]: the indiscernible becomes unique only after acquiring its molar mass and volume, not just mass, while the photon has 0 mass, which makes its molar mass none existing.
Law of Nature.
The presented Law of Nature is a transformed ergodic Poincaré Recurrence Theorem, which originally said that certain dynamical systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state arbitrarily close to, or exactly the same as their initial state. Therefore, the Law of Nature, in the presence of molar characteristics (predicates) and absence of any distance in particular, and geometry in general, goes like this:
— In a given molar volume there is always only this number of photons.
This Law is proved by the existence of the periodic table of chemical elements, where each atom always has a fixed number of its elements, Avagadro number.
Russell-Zermelo paradox.
Answering Russell's question: "Does the set of all contain itself as its element?", the Continuation answers that the "set of all" contains several (probably three-four and much more) kinds of points, each of which has different sets of predicates. For example, the "barber's paradox":
Imagine a barber living in a certain village, who shaves all the villagers who do not shave themselves, and only them.
Does the barber shave himself?
Russell and Zermelo formulated in the era when there were no atomic explosions, during which a large number of photons (without any molar mass and volume) are released; where these explosions are the transition of accumulation into material points (the above photons), the loss of one of two predicates. Then the radiated photons, according to the Law, sooner or later all return to their former volume (they are the same, cannot be said that a new photon that came back, or the old one), and the barber appears from oblivion, safe and sound, and already "clean-shaven", starting to shave everyone.
Conservation law.
Conservation law, in physics, is a principle that states that a certain physical property (i.e., a measurable quantity) does not change in the course of time within an isolated physical system.
In the Continuation this law is present as the constant in the rewriting of Newton, Coulomb and Ampere laws below; different kinds of points go nowhere.
Laser.
Laser is a device that converts pumping energy (light, electrical, thermal, chemical, etc.) into energy of coherent radiation flux, light. Thus we have an experimental proof that accumulation points (of thermal, chemical, etc. nature) can become material points, which means that the barber can become literally nothing and come out of nowhere, back as a being. In other words we got the experimental proof of String Theory: at least two kinds of strings exist.
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Conservation law.
Conservation law, in physics, is a principle that states that a certain physical property (i.e., a measurable quantity) does not change in the course of time within an isolated physical system.
In the Continuation this law is present as the constant in the rewriting of Newton, Coulomb and Ampere laws below; different kinds of points go nowhere.
Laser.
Laser is a device that converts pumping energy (light, electrical, thermal, chemical, etc.) into energy of coherent radiation flux, light. Thus we have an experimental proof that accumulation points (of thermal, chemical, etc. nature) can become material points, which means that the barber can become literally nothing and come out of nowhere, back as a being. In other words we got the experimental proof of String Theory: at least two kinds of strings exist.
Niels Bohr.
Bohr postulated that electrons are in quantized energy states where they can emit or absorb photons. Bohr also argued that an atom can be in special stationary quantum states, each of which corresponds to a certain energy; in this stationary state, the atom does not emit electromagnetic waves.
The Continuation absorbs Bohr’s brilliant ideas: there is a state when the accumulation point contains all its elements, which leads to the termination of its existence and becoming material. That is, in Bohr’ terms, if an atom does not emit, then it does not exist; which is understood as the same as Lagrange’s ‘the principle of least action’ and “becoming the best”.
Postulates.
The Postulate 1, as Einstein's principle of relativity, says:
- The laws of nature are the same in all coordinate systems, moving in a straight line and uniformly relative to each other.
In the light of the above said, the laws mentioned in passing by Einstein are concretized in one and monotheistic, the Postulate I:
- The number of elements in a given molar volume is constant.   
Postulate II of the Continuation:
- The time of inclusion of a photon in any set is the minimum possible.
Einstein, in his Postulate 2, about the speed of light, said the same thing, from a different perspective:
- The speed of light in a vacuum is the same in all coordinate systems, moving in a straight line and uniformly relative to each other.
Indeed, if the speed of movement is maximum, then the time of interaction with something is minimal; there time in the Continuation is measured in the standard units: hours, minutes, etc.
Time standard.
There is an absolute standard of time. The presence of this standard time means that there is no need to synchronize many clocks: one clock for two parts of one body is more than enough.
Geometry.
The rejection of geometry occurs for a purely formal reason: there is no one, literally not one material point through which it is possible to draw a straight line or build a figure. Therefore no Euclidean or Riemannian, or any other geometry in the theory, no geometrical shapes and figures.
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The Axiom.
The only Axiom:
— There are always two parts of any body.
Force.
A formula for the force of interaction is obtained, through the change of material to accumulation points, introduction of molar masses and volumes, into the formulas for Newton’s gravity, Coulomb and Ampere; where a movement of two parts of one is substituted by harmonic functions:
 
m1 and l1 are one molar mass and volume of one part,
m2 and l2 are the second part’s molar mass and volume,
dm and dl are the increments of these molar masses and volumes,
the ratio of M and L forms a constant, which characterizes the number of all other both existing and not points in the Universe; in some sense the constantly changing constant represent what is called “dark matter”, plus all the existing matter,
F is the force of interaction, 
t is time,
the natural number 0 signifies the beginning of one and its end, that is the moment when the increments cease to exist, only one predicate left, and the "collapse" of the function occurs,
tr is one of the trigonometric functions cos, sin, sec and cosec.
The formula says that there is always a tendency of an accumulation point to the stationary state.
The formula is proved by the existence of nuclear explosions: so called “critical mass” means that there are all elements in the volume, and there are no their increments.
Gravity.
There is no gravity and all other forces in the Continuation.
Practice.
After the number and direction for the force are calculated (from one part’ center of otisphere to another), classical mechanics is employed with its three-dimensional space and time, as Minkowski space: the centers of the two elements are connected by a chord with the cut ends; a vector, directed from one part to another, is constructed.
For example, the vector for the Earth, when interacting with the Moon, is built along the chord (with the cut ends) connecting their centers.
Finally, the resultant vector is calculated.
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Noether's theorem.
The Noether theorem is completely and unequivocally refuted in the Continuation: all physics problems are solved only through a single differential equation (the above formula), for two interacting parts; which have their molar volume. Meanwhile, Lagrangian mechanics, the Lagrangian (on which the Theorem stands), and Noether's theorem don’t use the Avogadro number. Also no idea of accumulation points.
The "principle of least action" of Noether and Lagrange, is the Postulate I, as a number of photons in a given molar volume. Thus the theoretical basis of Quantum Physics is wrong.
Quantum physics.
Quantum physics is a mistake because it ignores molar masses and volumes, Avogadro number and the String Theory.
Density layer.
From the formula follows the presence of density layers, as molar volumes and masses; where each layer, in its certain volume, has a strict number of photons in it. For example, an electron orbit in its atom is a layer, as a planetary orbit in its star system. Or the slit’s border atoms have limitations into their orispheres, due to the element numbers in each layer.
However, if the molar characteristics are in “short supply” — for example, there are not enough photons (molar mass) — then this accumulation point is not there: humans do not have layers, as well as cars, trees, meteorites and molecules.
The density of a body is calculated as the ratio of either its molar mass to volume, or its molar volume to mass, which follows from the fact that gasses and metals exist in the periodic table for chemical elements: for the gasses their density is the ratio of their molar mass to volume, and metals vice versa.

This is the reason why there are 64 variations of one formula above.

The number of elements in the layers depends on their radius to the center of an orisphere; which, for example, is proved by the difference in pressure at a depth of 10 km, at sea level and altitude of 10 km; as well as numbers of electrons into atoms.

Archimedes law.
Archimedes’ law says that a body immersed in a liquid or gas is affected by a buoyant force numerically equal to the weight of the volume of liquid or gas displaced by the body. Thus, according to the Continuation, the gravel flying out from under the car’s wheels, is pushed out of the density layer in which it was in an equilibrium-stationary state, under the influence of its molar characteristics deviation, rising into the density layer where its internal parameters again correspond to the stationary state.
Hafele-Keating. 
Hafele and Keating circled the globe twice, first traveling eastward and then westward, with four sets of cesium atomic clocks. They then compared the "traveling" clocks with identical clocks that remained at the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO), as part of an experiment intended to test the theory of relativity. The aim was to demonstrate the reality of the twin paradox
– The essence of the paradox: there are two twin brothers; one of them – referred to as the "traveler" – goes on a space journey, while the other – referred to as the "stay-at-home" – remains on Earth; after the journey, the traveler returns to Earth, and it is claimed that one is older than the other, as predicted by the theory of relativity, which involves time dilation for moving objects, as well as gravitational time dilation.
Since then, after Hafele-Keating, it was believed that Einstein's theory was proven; and it is indeed, but not in the way Hafele and Keating thought.
The Continuation claims that the Hafele-Keating experiment unequivocally proves that density layers are real. For instance, the four atomic clocks at an altitude of 10 km become, at their hardware level, different by the number of photons from one left at sea level, which is obvious from the indication of different times, and which is proved by the above mentioned difference in the air pressure. The same happens with GPS: there is no acceleration or deceleration of time, but there more or less photons, GPSes become physically different as hardware. Indeed, photons can penetrate and stay as internal elements, which is confirmed by the existence of laser, presence of the fringes in the interference pattern and perihelion of Mercury (read below).
As for the "twin paradox": in the above interaction formula, there is only one clock for two parts of one: twins always interact, compose one; which is proved by quantum entanglement experiment. 
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Perihelion of Mercury.
Mercury deviates from the precession predicted based on Newton's law for gravity, there this anomalous precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit was first recognized in the mid-19th century as a problem of celestial mechanics and still plays an exceptional role in Physics.
Einstein developed the general theory of relativity, where the equations predicted precisely the value that was actually observed. The Continuation explains why such a displacement occurs, without objecting Einstein’s result a bit, and without applying the gravitational force (because there is no such).
When the number of elements, in the molar volume of Mercury, exceeds its stationary one, since particles are obtained from the solar wind and photons from the Sun, then Mercury changes its orbit to get rid of the excess by emitting it. After the surplus is gone, Mercury receives a stationary ratio of molar characteristics back, “becomes better” and returns to the old orbit, which is another proof of the layers of density existence.
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16 И сказал я: мудрость лучше силы, и однако же мудрость бедняка пренебрегается, и слов его не слушают

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